This a new page which explores religion.
Dave Patterson's Super 21
My spiritual philosophy evolves, and is based upon experience, not knowledge.
The major influences, from religious thought, are Secular Humanism, Unitarian Universalism, Confucianism and The Chopra Centre. Most importantly spiritualism must have a foundation of virtue.
Spiritual Philosophy
1. Always be in awe of the miracles around us and wake each morning in this state of awe.
2. Listen to the message of those miracles and obey them.
3. These messages are the anchor of our existence.
4. We should be energized by these messages.
5. Don't pretend to understand these miracles...just recognize them.
6. The shadows of our dark moments will be removed by these miracles.
7. Use your awareness to fight the battles that disturb you.
8. There is so much more than we can see.
9. Avoid self-righteousness.
10. There is a plan for our lives.
11. Things done for greed will turn to ashes.
12. Miracles will happen to you if you believe they can.
13. Patience is not a temporary solution.
14. Everything in your life is temporary except the "being".
15. You are never a victim.
16. Never take ownership of anything except anger and fear. Then make a commitment to redeem these qualities.
17. Discouragement is a choice.
18. Giving is not for reward, but is only a token symbol of the sharing of miracles.
19. If we love ourselves we can love.
20. We are never alone.
*21. Trouble is opportunity.
* An evaluation of how to deal with what we perceive as "trouble".
When facing a difficult situation, keep in mind that...
A. Everything in your life is heading for the "good'.
B. The universal life force that is represented by your being is in control of everything.
C. Your thoughts are not answers. They are only perceptions.
D. Never make quick judgements.
E. Don't focus on the problem...focus on the miracle that created it.
F. Ignore the pain.
G. Look at past crisis, and recognize the good that came from it.
H. Deal with anger immediately, take ownership of it, and redeem it.
I. Show humility.
J. Show a will of gratitude.
K. Look at the crisis the way a righteous God would look at it.
I. Varying emotions are a result of lack of faith in the universal solution.
Attributes of My Creator:
Buddhism
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/buddhaintro.html
Secular Humanism
http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=what§ion=main
Secular Humanism affirms that with the present state of scientific
knowledge, dogmatic belief in an absolutist moral/ethical system (e.g.
Kantian, Islamic, Christian) is unreasonable. However, it affirms that
individuals engaging in rational moral/ethical deliberations can
discover some universal "objective standards".
- We are opposed to absolutist morality, yet we maintain that
objective standards emerge, and ethical values and principles may be
discovered, in the course of ethical deliberation. [30]
Some secular humanists believe that universal moral standards are
required for the proper functioning of society. However, they believe
such necessary universality can and should be achieved by developing a
richer notion of morality through reason, experience and scientific
inquiry rather than through faith in a supernatural realm or source.
- Fundamentalists correctly perceive that universal moral standards
are required for the proper functioning of society. But they
erroneously believe that God is the only possible source of such
standards. Philosophers as diverse as Plato, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, George Edward Moore, and John Rawls
have demonstrated that it is possible to have a universal morality
without God. Contrary to what the fundamentalists would have us believe,
then, what our society really needs is not more religion but a richer
notion of the nature of morality. [31]
Humanism in general is known to adopt principles of the Golden Rule, as in the quotation by Oscar Wilde:
"Selfishness is not living as one wishes to live, it is asking others
to live as one wishes to live." This emphasizes the respect for others'
identity and ideals.
Atheists, agnostics, deists, and rationalists
are those thought to be supporters of Humanism, although may not always
be. However, these beliefs are occupied with metaphysical issues,
addressing questions of existence, while Humanism ignores such
metaphysical matters and has its focus on ethics. Many Humanists address
ethics from the point of view of ethical naturalism, and some support an actual science of morality. Some philosophers like Peter Singer see Humanism as speciesist and lend themselves to more of a Personism.
There are a number of ways in which secular and religious humanism can differ:[32]
- Some religious humanists may seek profound "religious" experiences,
such as those that others would associate with the presence of God,
despite interpreting these experiences differently. Secular humanists
would generally not pursue such experiences solely for their own sake.[32]
- Some varieties of religious humanism may conceive of the word divine
as more than metaphoric even in the absence of a belief in a
traditional God; they may believe in ideals that transcend physical
reality; or they may conceive of some experiences as numinous
or uniquely religious. Secular Humanism regards all such terms as being
only special cases of more general, not necessarily religious, forms of
engagement with the world. [32]
- Some varieties of religious humanism, such as Christian humanism
include belief in God, traditionally defined. Secular humanists
typically reject the idea of God and the supernatural as irrational and
believe that these are not useful concepts for addressing human
problems.[cit
Some religious groups argue that Secular Humanism—and, by association, secularism—have a religion-like legal status despite the separation of church and state,
that secularism in government and in the schools constitutes state
favoritism towards a particular religion (namely, the denial of theism),
and a double standard is used in granting protections to these groups.
The U.S. courts, however, have consistently rejected this
interpretation. Often the discussion is not clearly framed. However, the
rationale for believing there is no contradiction appears to include
the following:
- Beliefs involved are about more than secularism: Religious status has been granted to various non-theistic humanist organizations. Such organizations typically favor various aspects of secularism. However, humanism
embraces a variety of ideas which are not part of secularism, for
example, affirming human dignity. Even if a particular brand of humanism
were to be regarded as a religion, that would not necessarily make
particular positions, such as secularism, religious, as religious status could be based on other considerations.[citation needed][original research?]
- Court rulings have not been about beliefs: No court rulings on particular non-theistic groups being religious have ever actually ruled that the ideas
of these groups were religious per se. Instead, rulings have generally
said the groups in question functionally acted like other religious
institutions and therefore were entitled to similar protections. (This
fact has been obscured by imprecise comments, such as those of Justice
Black, but is reflected in the text of particular rulings.)[citation needed][original research?]
- Most advocates are not religious: Advocates generally
subscribe to scientific ideas, such as the scientific method, as opposed
to inherently religious ideas based on religious texts.[citation needed][original research?]
Decisions about tax status have been based on whether an organization functions like a church. On the other hand, Establishment Clause
cases turn on whether the ideas or symbols involved are inherently
religious. An organization can function like a church while advocating
beliefs that are not necessarily inherently religious. Author Marci Hamilton
has pointed out: "Moreover, the debate is not between secularists and
the religious. The debate is believers and non-believers on the one side
debating believers and non-believers on the other side. You've got
citizens who are...of faith who believe in the separation of church and
state and you have a set of believers who do not believe in the
separation of church and state."[36]
In a mockery of an Alabama judge's reference to Secular Humanism as a religion, the musician Frank Zappa, who was also a free speech advocate, established the "Church of American Secular Humanism."[37] The fact that the initials of the organization formed the acronym "CASH" was part of the joke. In 1981, the humorous columnist Art Buchwald wrote a piece entitled, "Secular Humanists: Threat or Menace?" In it, he poked fun at alarm about Secular Humanism.[38]
The Chopra Center
http://www.chopra.com/
The Law of Dharma: Everyone has a purpose in life . . . a
unique gift or special talent to give to others. And when we blend this
unique talent with service to others, we experience the ecstasy and
exultation of our own spirit, which is the ultimate goal of all goals.
I will put the Law of Dharma into effect by making a commitment to take the following steps:
- Today
I will lovingly nurture the god or goddess in embryo that lies deep
within my soul. I will pay attention to the spirit within me that
animates both my body and my mind. I will awaken myself to this deep
stillness within my heart. I will carry the consciousness of timeless,
eternal Being in the midst of time-bound experience.
- I will make
a list of my unique talents. Then I will list all the things that I
love to do while expressing my unique talents. When I express my unique
talents and use them in the service of humanity, I lose track of time
and create abundance in my life as well as in the lives of others.
- I
will ask myself daily,"How can I serve?" and "How can I help?" The
answers to these questions will allow me to help and serve my fellow
human beings with love.
The Chopra Center is founded on three pillars of timeless wisdom: meditation, ayurveda, and yoga.
These ancient healing traditions and their 5000-year-old principles
have been translated by Drs. Chopra & Simon into programs,
workshops, and teacher training certifications designed for men and
women at critical physical, emotional, and spiritual stages of their
lives.
For more than a decade, seekers from all backgrounds and experiences
have come to the Chopra Center to learn how to apply these practical
tools and techniques in their daily lives. Whether you are a beginner to
this realm and are taking your first step, or you are ready to become a
teacher and share this wisdom with others, the Chopra Center offers an
entry point and program path for all levels of experience and desire.
New Thought
http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/2001/06/What-New-Thought-Practitioners-Believe.aspx
Unitarian Universalism
http://www.religioustolerance.org/u-u.htm
Unitarian Universalism is a religious community characterized by support for a "free and responsible search for truth and meaning. Unitarian Universalists do not share a creed, rather, they are unified by their shared search for spiritual growth
and by the belief that an individual's theology is a result of that
search and not obedience to an authoritative requirement. Unitarian
Universalists draw on many different theological sources and have a wide range of beliefs and practices.
Historically, both Unitarianism and Universalism had roots in the Christian
faith. Contemporary Unitarian Universalists do not necessarily
subscribe to the historic beliefs of Unitarianism and Universalism,
espousing a rather hands-off approach to religion, whereby the followers
can be atheist, theist, or any point in between.
Universalism broadly refers to a theological belief that all persons and creatures are related to god or the divine and will be reconciled to God (Universal Salvation).
Proponents of Christian Universalism claim a long history, beginning with Origin and Gregory of Nyssa, though both of these are questioned by modern scholarship and Greek Orthodox scholars it is based upon the doctrine of universal salvation through Christ and an interpretation of the "restitution of all things". Early American advocates of Universal Salvation, taught that all souls would achieve salvation, sometimes after a period resembling purgatory. Christian Universalism denies the doctrine of everlasting damnation, and proclaims belief in an entirely loving God who will ultimately redeem all human beings.
Historically, Unitarianism was a denomination within Christianity. The term may refer to any belief about the nature of jesus Christ that affirms God as a singular entity and rejects the doctrine of the Trinity, but is usually distinguished from Arianism which was rejected by mainstream Christianity, a consensus of Christian bishops at the first Council of Nicaea in 325.
The term Unitarian entered the English language in relation to the teachings of Laelio Sozzini and the Polish Socinians. Unitarian churches were formally established in Transylvania and Poland in the second half of the 16th Century. The early Unitarian church not only rejected the Trinity, but also the pre-existance of God as well, in many cases, predestination and original sin. There were several different forms of Christology
in the beginnings of the Unitarian movement; ultimately, the variety
that became prevalent was that Jesus was a man, but one with a unique
relationship to God.
Deliberately without an official creed or dogma (per the principle of
freedom of thought), Unitarian Universalists instead typically agree
with the Principles and Purposes.
As with most actions in Unitarian Universalism, these were created in
committee, and affirmed democratically by a vote of member
congregations, proportional to their membership, taken at an annual
General Assembly (a meeting of delegates from member congregations).
PRINCIPLES:
We, the member congregations of the Unitarian Universalist Association, covenant to affirm and promote
- The inherent worth and dignity of every person;
- Justice, equity and compassion in human relations;
- Acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations;
- A free and responsible search for truth and meaning;
- The right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large;
- The goal of world community with peace, liberty and justice for all;
- Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part.
Unitarian Universalism is often referred to by its members as a living tradition,
and the principles and purposes have been modified over time to reflect
changes in spiritual beliefs among the membership. Most recently, the
last principle, adopted in 1985 and generally known as the Seventh Principle,
"Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a
part", and a sixth source (adopted in 1995), "Spiritual teachings of
earth-centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and
instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature" were added to
explicitly include members with Neopagan, Native American, and Pantheist spiritualities. Unitarian Universalists tend to promote beliefs of a person that are
based on their individual thoughts, and can range from a strict
monotheistic belief to more of a philosophical view of things.
Unitarian Universalists place emphasis on spiritual growth and
development. Unitarian Universalism is a creedless religion. The
Unitarian Universalist Association affirms seven principles: The official statement of Unitarian Universalist principles describes the "sources" upon which current practice is based:
- Direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed
in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an
openness to the forces which create and uphold life;
- Words and deeds of prophetic women and men which challenge us to
confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the
transforming power of love;
- Wisdom from the world's religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life;
- Jewish and Christian teachings which call us to respond to God's love by loving our neighbors as ourselves;
- Humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the
results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and
spirit.
- Spiritual teachings of earth-centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature.
The religious pluralism
of Unitarian Universalism respects diverse traditions within the
movement and often within the same congregation. Many see it as a
typical syncretic religion, in which personal beliefs and religious services draw from many faith traditions.
Unitarian Universalism asserts a strong commitment to social justice and community exploration of spiritual development.
Baha'i
http://www.religioustolerance.org/bahai.htm
Sikism
http://www.religioustolerance.org/sikhism.htm
Hinduism
http://www.religioustolerance.org/hinduism.htm
Confucianism
http://www.religioustolerance.org/confuciu.htm
Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical and quasi-religious thought that influenced the culture and history of East Asia. I
In Confucianism, human beings are teachable, improvable and
perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including
self-cultivation and self-creation. A main idea of Confucianism is the
cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection.
Confucianism holds that one should give up one's life, if necessary,
either passively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal
moral values of ren and yi.
Humanity is core in Confucianism. A simple way to appreciate
Confucian thought is to consider it as being based on varying levels of
honesty, and a simple way to understand Confucian thought is to examine
the world by using the logic of humanity. In practice, the elements of
Confucianism accumulated over time. There is classical Wuchang consisting of five elements: Ren (humanity), Yi (righteousness), Li (Ritual), Zhi (knowledge), Xin (integrity). There are
still many other elements, such as honesty, kindness and forgiveness, cleanness, shame, judge and sense of right and wrong, bravery, kindness and gentility, respect, reverence, frugality, modesty, and self-effacement. Sometimes
morality is interpreted as the phantom of Humanity and Righteousness.
Humanity
Ritual and filial piety are indeed the ways in which one should act
towards others, but from an underlying attitude of humaneness.
Confucius' concept of humaneness is probably best expressed in the Confucian version of the Golden Rule: "do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you."
Confucius never stated whether man was born good or evil, noting that 'By nature men are similar; by practice men are wide apart, implying
that whether good or bad, Confucius must have perceived all men to be
born with intrinsic similarities, but that man is conditioned and
influenced by study and practise. Man needs to be cultivated. In Mencius' view, all men are born to share goodness such as
compassion and good heart, although they may become wicked. All the views eventually lead to recognize the
importance of human education and cultivation.
Rén also has a political dimension. If the ruler lacks rén, Confucianism holds, it will be difficult if not impossible for his subjects to behave humanely. Rén
is the basis of Confucian political theory: it presupposes an
autocratic ruler, exhorted to refrain from acting inhumanely towards his
subjects. An inhumane ruler runs the risk of losing the "Mandate of
Heaven", the right to rule. A ruler lacking such a mandate need not be
obeyed. But a ruler who reigns humanely and takes care of the people is
to be obeyed strictly, for the benevolence of his dominion shows that he
has been mandated by heaven. Confucius himself had little to say on the
will of the people, but his leading follower Mencius did state on one occasion that the people's opinion on certain weighty matters should be considered.
Ritual
In Confucianism the term ritual, was soon extended to include secular ceremonial behavior, and eventually referred also to the politeness which colors everyday life. Rituals were codified and
treated as a comprehensive system of norms. Confucius himself tried to
revive the etiquettee of earlier dynasties. After his death, people regarded him as a great authority on ritual behaviors.
It is important to note that "ritual" has developed a specialized
meaning in Confucianism, as opposed to its usual religious meanings. In
Confucianism, the acts of everyday life are considered ritual. Rituals
are not necessarily regimented or arbitrary practices, but the routines
that people often engage in, knowingly or unknowingly, during the normal
course of their lives. Shaping the rituals in a way that leads to a
content and healthy society, and to content and healthy people, is one
purpose of Confucian philosophy.
The Rites
Translations from the 17th century to the present have varied widely.
Comparison of these many sources is needed for a true "general
consensus"
of what message Confucius meant to imply.
Confucius argued that under law, external authorities administer punishments after
illegal actions, so people generally behave well without understanding
reasons why they should; whereas with ritual, patterns of behavior are internalized and exert their influence before actions are taken, so people behave properly because they fear shame and want to avoid losing face. In this sense, "rite" is an ideal form of social norm.
The Chinese character for "rites", previously had the
religious meaning of "sacrifice". Its Confucian meaning ranges from
politeness and propriety to the understanding of each person's correct
place in society. Externally, ritual is used to distinguish between
people; their usage allows people to know at all times who is the
younger and who the elder, who is the guest and who the host and so
forth. Internally, rites indicate to people their duty amongst others
and what to expect from them.
Internalization is the main process in ritual. Formalized behavior
becomes progressively internalized, desires are channeled and personal
cultivation becomes the mark of social correctness. Though this idea
conflicts with the common saying that "the cowl does not make the monk,"
in Confucianism sincerity is what enables behavior to be absorbed by
individuals. Obeying ritual with sincerity makes ritual the most
powerful way to cultivate oneself. Respectfulnes without the rights becomes bustle;
carefulness, without the Rites, become timidity; boldness, without the
Rites, becomes insubordination; straightforwardness, without the Rites,
becomes rudeness.
Ritual can be seen as a means to find the balance between opposing
qualities that might otherwise lead to conflict. It divides people into
categories, and builds hierarchial
relationships through protocols and ceremonies, assigning everyone a
place in society and a proper form of behavior. Music, which seems to
have played a significant role in Confucius' life, is given as an
exception, as it transcends such boundaries and "unifies the hearts".
Although the Analects heavily promote the rites, Confucius himself often behaved other than in accord with them.
Loyalty
Loyalty is the equivalent of filial piety on a different plane. It is
particularly relevant for the social class to which most of Confucius'
students belonged, because the only way for an ambitious young scholar
to make his way in the Confucian Chinese world was to enter a ruler's
civil service. Like filial piety, however, loyalty was often subverted
by the autocratic regimes of China. Confucius had advocated a
sensitivity to the realpolitik of the class relations in his time; he did not propose that "might makes right", but that a superior who had received the "Mandate of Heaven should be obeyed because of his moral rectitude.
In later ages, however, emphasis was placed more on the obligations
of the ruled to the ruler, and less on the ruler's obligations to the
ruled.
Loyalty was also an extension of one's duties to friends, family, and
spouse. Loyalty to one's family came first, then to one's spouse, then
to one's ruler, and lastly to one's friends. Loyalty was considered one
of the greater human virtues.
Confucius also realized that loyalty and filial piety can potentially conflict.
Filial piety
Main article:
Filial piety
"Filial piety" is considered among the greatest of virtues and must be shown towards
both the living and the dead (including even remote ancestors). The term
"filial" (meaning "of a child") characterizes the respect that a child,
originally a son, should show to his parents. This relationship was
extended by analogy to a series of five relationships.
The Five Bonds
- Ruler to Ruled
- Father to Son
- Husband to Wife
- Elder Brother to Younger Brother
- Friend to Friend
Specific duties were prescribed to each of the participants in these
sets of relationships. Such duties were also extended to the dead, where
the living stood as sons to their deceased family. This led to the
veneration of ancestors. The only relationship where respect for elders
wasn't stressed was the Friend to Friend relationship. In all other
relationships, high reverence was held for elders.
The idea of Filial piety influenced the Chinese legal system: a
criminal would be punished more harshly if the culprit had committed the
crime against a parent, while fathers often exercised enormous power
over their children. A similar differentiation was applied to other
relationships. At the time, the power was too much on the parent's side.
Now filial piety is also built into law. People have the responsibility
to provide for their elderly parents according to the law.
The main source of our knowledge of the importance of filial piety is The Book of Filial Piety,
a work attributed to Confucius and his son but almost certainly written
in the 3rd century BCE. The Analects, the main source of the
Confucianism of Confucius, actually has little to say on the matter of
filial piety and some sources believe the concept was focused on by
later thinkers as a response to Mohism.
Filial piety has continued to play a central role in Confucian thinking to the present day.
Another key Confucian concept is that in order to govern others one
must first govern oneself. When developed sufficiently, the king's
personal virtue spreads beneficent influence throughout the kingdom.
This idea is developed further in the Great Learning, and is tightly linked with the Taoist concept of wu wei :
the less the king does, the more gets done. By being the "calm center"
around which the kingdom turns, the king allows everything to function
smoothly and avoids having to tamper with the individual parts of the
whole.
This idea may be traced back to early Chinese shamanistic beliefs,
such as the king being the axle between the sky, human beings, and the
Earth. Another complementary view is that this idea may have been used
by ministers and counselors to deter aristocratic whims that would
otherwise be to the detriment of the state's people.
The term jūnzǐ , is crucial to classical Confucianism.
Confucianism exhorts all people to strive for the ideal of a "gentleman"
or "perfect man". A succinct description of the "perfect man" is one
who "combines the qualities of saint, scholar, and gentleman." In modern
times the masculine translation in English is also traditional and is
still frequently used. Elitism was bound up with the concept, and gentlemen were expected to act as moral guides to the rest of society.
They were to:
- cultivate themselves morally;
- show filial piety and loyalty where these are due;
- cultivate humanity, or benevolence.
The great exemplar of the perfect gentleman is Confucius himself.
Perhaps the tragedy of his life was that he was never awarded the high
official position which he desired, from which he wished to demonstrate
the general well-being that would ensue if humane persons ruled and
administered the state.
The opposite of the Jūnzǐ was the Xiǎorén, literally "small person". The character 小 in this context means petty
in mind and heart, narrowly self-interested, greedy, superficial, or
materialistic.
Relationships are central to Confucianism. Particular duties arise
from one's particular situation in relation to others. The individual
stands simultaneously in several different relationships with different
people: as a junior in relation to parents and elders, and as a senior
in relation to younger siblings, students, and others. While juniors are
considered in Confucianism to owe their seniors reverence, seniors also
have duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors. This theme of mutuality is prevalent in East Asian cultures even to this day.
Social harmony—the great goal of Confucianism—therefore results in
part from every individual knowing his or her place in the social order,
and playing his or her part well.
Mencius says: "When being a child, yearn for and love your parents;
when growing mature, yearn for and love your lassie; when having wife
and child(ren), yearn for and love your wife and child(ren); when being
an official (or a staffer), yearn for and love your sovereign (and/or
boss)."
Shinto
http://www.religioustolerance.org/shinto.htm
Jainism
http://www.religioustolerance.org/jainism.htm
Taoism
http://www.religioustolerance.org/taoism.htm
The Tanakh (Judaism)
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Tanakh.html
5Email15Share34
Judaism is one of the oldest religions still existing today. It
began as the religion of the small nation of the Hebrews, and through
thousands of years of suffering, persecution, dispersion, and occasional
victory, has continued to be a profoundly influential religion and
culture.
Today, 14 million
people identify themselves as Jews, and nearly 3.5 billion others
follow belief systems directly influenced by Judaism (including
Christianity, Islam, and the Bah'ai Faith). Modern Judaism is a complex
phenomenon that incorporates both a nation and a religion, and often
combines strict adherence to ritual laws with a more liberal attitude
towards religious belief.he central religious belief of Judaism is that there is only one God.
Monotheism was uncommon at the time Judaism was born, but according to
Jewish tradition, God himself revealed it to Abraham, the ancestor of
the Jewish people. Beginning with Abraham, God has always taken special
care of the Hebrews (who would later become the Jews). After rescuing
them from slavery in Egypt, God revealed the Ten Commandments to Moses,
and many more religious and ethical guidelines in the Torah ("the Law"). Many of the guidelines (mitzvah) emphasized ritual purity and the importance of remaining set apart from the surrounding polytheistic cultures.
Aside from its staunch monotheism, Judaism has few essential beliefs.
Jewish identity arises primarily from belonging to an ancient people
and upholding its traditions. Dogma, while important, is secondary.
Although the medieval thinker Rabbi Maimonides once enumerated "13 Articles of Faith,"
many Jews do not accept all these, and Jewish beliefs vary widely on
theological matters such as human nature and the afterlife.
Divisions within Judaism, known as "movements,"
have developed in modern times as varying responses to secularism and
modernity. Orthodox Judaism is the most conservative group, retaining
nearly all traditional rituals and practices. At the opposite end of the
spectrum, Reform Jews retain their Jewish identity and some traditions
but take a liberal approach to many Jewish beliefs and practices.
Conservative Judaism lies in the middle of the spectrum, taking a
moderate approach in its application of Judaism to the modern world.
Jews of all movement celebrate many special days throughout the year
and throughout each person's life. Major religious holidays include Passover, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Hanukkah,
historically a minor holiday, has become more prominent in the last
century for Jews who live in areas that celebrate Christmas. The Sabbath,
a day of rest and worship at the synagogue, is observed each Saturday.
In Judaism, all days begin at sunset, so all holidays begin at sundown
and end at sundown.
To recognize the role of God and the Jewish community in each person's life, numerous life cycle events
are observed with traditional rituals. At the first Sabbath after the
birth of a child, the proud father is called forward in the synagogue to
recite blessings for mother and child. Eight days after birth, baby
boys are circumcised.
At the age of 13 (12 for girls), a boy becomes a Bar Mitzvah,
or "Son of the Commandment" and a girl becomes a Bat Mitzvah, "Daughter
of the Commandment." The occasion is marked by the youth's first public
reading of the Torah in the synagogue (only boys may do this in
Orthodox congregations), followed by a large and joyous celebration.
Jewish wedding ceremonies incorporate many ancient traditions and symbolic gestures (including the well-known breaking of glass), and divorces are obtained within the Jewish community. At death, a Jewish person's body is cared for by the chevra kiddisha,
the "holy society," who wash the body and prepare it for burial. The
deceased is treated with great respect and never left alone. After
burial, the deceased's loved ones enter a formal period of mourning,
which decreased gradually over the course of a year. The dead is then
remembered and honored each year on the anniversary of death.
In addition to these special days and ceremonies, the Jewish life is marked by regular religious observance.
Each Saturday, Sabbath is observed by ceasing work and spending the day
in worship at the synagogue and at home with family. The study of Torah
and other Jewish scriptures is considered very important, and many
Jewish children attend Hebrew school so they can study it in its
original language. In everyday life, traditional Jews observe the laws
of kashrut, eating only foods that God has designated "kosher."
Among non-kosher, or prohibited, foods are pork, any meat that has not
been ritually slaughtered, shellfish, and any meal that combines dairy
with meat.
Unlike Christianity and Islam,
Judaism has no official creed or universal doctrinal requirements for
membership. In general, a person can be considered "Jewish" whether he
adheres to a complete system of beliefs about God and the afterlife,
holds only a few simple beliefs that give meaning to ritual, or even (at
least in liberal Judaism) does not believe in God at all.
This diversity in Jewish belief arises in part because actions (good deeds and the mitzvot),
not beliefs, are the most important aspect of Jewish religious life. In
addition, the term "Jewish" can be used to describe a race and a
culture rather than a religion, so some who identify themselves as
Jewish may have little interest in the beliefs and practices associated
with the religion of Judaism.
Nevertheless, the Torah and Talmud
have a great deal to say about God, humanity, and the meaning of life,
and Jewish history has seen significant theological and mystical inquiry
into religious concepts. These beliefs are of great significance not
only for Judaism itself, but also for their direct influence on Christianity and Islam, currently the two largest religions in the world.
The Koran (Islam)
http://www.islam.com/
Quaker (Religious Society of Friends)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends
The Religious Society of Friends comprises religious organizations which arose out of a Christian movement in mid-17th century England. This movement focused on ordinary individuals' own experience of Christ, led by over 50 itinerant preachers known as the Valiant Sixty, including James Naylor, George Fox, Margaret Fell and Francis Howgill. Today, there is no single Religious Society of Friends with universal juridical authority as each national or regional organization (usually termed a Yearly Meeting) has full autonomy. The names Quaker or Friends Church
are used by some of these organizations. Today, there is a large range
of theological belief between Yearly Meetings, reflecting developments
in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some Yearly Meetings (termed conservative) have retained Friends' beliefs of relying on the guidance of the eternal Christ. Other Yearly Meetings have embraced evangelicalism, with a stress on biblical inerrancy and salvation; whilst other Yearly Meetings have accepted liberalism, with an emphasis on individual interpretation, with some members in these Yearly Meetings now holding universalist or non-theistic beliefs.[1]
Friends worship in a variety of forms. Some meet for silent worship
with no human leader and no fixed programme (mainly in Europe,
Australia, New Zealand and parts of North America). Some meet for
services led by a pastor with readings and hymns (mainly in Africa, Asia
and parts of North America). Some have a form of worship which
incorporates elements of both styles.
Most branches of the Religious Society of Friends are known to the public by testifying to their faith in their actions and the way they live their lives. Such testimony
may vary according to how different individuals are led and events in
the wider world at the time; however, well known examples of ways in
which Friends have acted historically in many yearly meetings in North America and the UK have included refusing to participate in war;
social action aimed at promoting social justice and equality including
participating in the anti-slavery movement in North America during the
mid-19th Century and the women's rights movement; wearing particular,
simple clothing (plain dress); using the same form of address to refer to everyone (e.g. using thee and thou to talk to anyone and not using titles such as Mr, Mrs, etc.); and refusing to swear oaths.
The Religious Society of Friends has been categorized as one of the peace churches, alongside the Church of the Brethren, Mennonites and Amish, because of all of these churches' emphasis on Christian pacifism. These churches also share other similarities in terms of theology including a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, an emphasis on simplicity in speech and dress, and a lack of creedal statements.
One of their most radical innovations was a greater, nearly equal, role
for women, as Taylor (2001) shows. Despite the survival of strong
patriarchal elements, Friends believed in the spiritual equality of
women, who were allowed to take a far more active role than had
ordinarily existed before the emergence of radical civil war sects.
Early Quaker defenses of their female members were sometimes equivocal,
however, and after the Restoration of 1660 the Quakers, became
increasingly unwilling to publicly defend women when they adopted
tactics such as disrupting services. Women's meetings were organized as a
means to involve women in more modest, feminine pursuits. Some Quaker
men sought to exclude them from church public concerns with which they
had some powers and responsibilities, such as allocating poor relief and
in ensuring that Quaker marriages could not be attacked as immoral. The
Quakers continued to meet openly, even in the dangerous year of 1683.
Heavy fines were exacted and, as in earlier years, women were treated as
severely as men by the authorities.[4]
Generally, Quakerism has had no creed but always had doctrines. George Fox dismissed theologians as "notionists" but accepted the Catechism and Confession of Faith
by Robert Barclay. Some Quakers today are little concerned with
theology and are more focused on acting in accordance with the leading
of the Spirit. Quakers historically have expressed a preference for
understanding coming from God's Spirit over the knowledge derived from
objective logic or systematic theology.[2] Early Friends believed that the direct experience of God was available to all people, without mediation (e.g., not through hired clergy, nor through outward sacraments). Fox described this by insisting that "Christ has come to teach His people Himself."[2] Parallels have been observed between the beliefs of the early Quakers and those of the anabaptists, whom Voltaire refers to as the 'fathers' of the Quakers.[8]
Since Friends believe that each person has the ability to experience
and respond to God, much of the Quaker perspective is based on trying to
hear God and to allow God's Spirit free action in the heart. Isaac Penington
wrote in 1670: "It is not enough to hear of Christ, or read of Christ,
but this is the thing — to feel him my root, my life, my foundation..."[9]
The theological beliefs of different Yearly Meetings vary considerably, ranging from evangelical Christianity to universalist and new thought
beliefs. In addition, wide variation exists in the degree of yearly
meetings' acceptance of dissenting beliefs among their individual
members and constituent local groups.
As a public statement of faith, many Yearly Meetings publish their own version of a Book of Discipline - often called Faith and Practice - which expresses their sense of truth and purpose; these documents generally are revised periodically.
While the predominant theological beliefs of different Yearly Meetings do not tally exactly with the style of service,[10]
there is often some co-relation, with many Yearly Meetings that hold
programmed worship having more evangelical theological beliefs, and
those with unprogrammed worship tending to have more liberal theological
beliefs.
Quakers also believe in continuing revelation, with the idea that God speaks directly to any person, without the need for any human intermediary. For this reason, many reject the idea of priests or holy people, but believe in the priesthood of all believers, and reject the doctrine of sola scriptura. The idea of the Inner Light, or Inward Light of Christ is important to many Quakers: the idea that there is that of God within everyone, guiding them through their lives.
Amish Mennonites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish
Mandaeism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism
Mandaeism is dualistic. They honour Adam, Seth, Abel, Enosh, Noah, Shem, Aram and in particular, John the Baptist. It is practiced in Iran and sections of Iran. They fear Islamic terrorism.
This religion has no fixed doctrine. It follows eschatology, a knowledge of God and the afterlife.
There is a supreme entity without form. It expressed itself by
creating a number of spiritual, etheric (first layer of the human energy field), and material worlds and beings.
There is a Creator which came from it, and produced all these worlds
and beings. The cosmos is created by an Archetypal Man, who produces it resembling to his own shape.
Dualism recognizes a cosmic mother and father. There is a right and left alignment of three or more celestial bodies (in the same gravitational system along a line) in cosmic and microcosmic form. There are counter-types, which is the world of ideas. The soul is captive or exiled invariably returning to a supreme entity. Planets and stars influence us and are places of detention after death. There exists a Saviour spirit or Saviour spirits which assist the soul on her journey through life and after it to 'worlds of light'. Sacraments help and purify the soul, creating a re-birth into a spiritual being, after an ascent from matter. Only high priests understand dualism, the left and right alignment and the gnosis (knowledge of the intimate).
Mandaeans believe in marriage and procreation , and in the importance of leading an ethical and moral lifestyle in this world. They put a high priority on family life. Consequently, Mandaeans do not practice celibacy or asceticism (abstinence from worldly pleasures). . Mandaeans will, however, abstain from strong drink and red meat. They look forward to a future liberated from the influence of the Torah, which they consider to be evil in origin. While they agree with other gnostic sects that the world is a prison governed by the planetary archons (ruler or Lord), they do not view it as a cruel and inhospitable one.
The scribes of their doctrine go back to the 2nd or early third century A.D. These early scribes formed the Left Ginza.
Other important books include the Oolasta, the "Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans." One of the most important works of Mandaean scripture is "the Book of John the Baptist". This book is accessible to both laymen
and initiates. There are also many other religious texts such as ritual
commentaries, which are generally only consulted by the members of the
priesthood.
The language in which the Mandaean religious literature was originally written is known as Mandaic,, and is a member of the Aramaic family of dialects. John the Baptist has a special status, higher than his role in Christianity and Islam. He is not considered the founder of their religion, but a great teacher. They trace their beliefs back to Adam.
Mandaeans maintain that Jesus was a "false Messiah" who changed the teachings given to him by John. He is also referred to as a "liar in writing". The "book" in question presumably
being the Christian Gospels. This is not a historically proven position but is maintained.
Likewise, the Mandaeans believe that Abraham, Moses and Muhammad were tfalse prophets false, but recognize other prophetic figures from the monotheistic traditions, such as Adam, his sons Abel and Seth, grandson Enosh , as well as Noah, his son Shem and his son Aram. The latter three they consider to be their direct ancestors. The Mandaeic society is divided between those who are truly enlightened (and become high priests), those who possess secret knowledge and the semi-ignorant. The highest position can lie vacant for an immeasurable time.
Under Saddam Hussein, the Mandeans were recognised as a religious minority . Many of them are craftspeople, like smiths or traders of gold and silver. These people belonged to the middle classes. Since the change of government in Iraq, Islamic extremists have harassed them. There are also reports of attacks on women who refuse to veil themselves. Most Iraqi Mandaeans have fled as a result, and the Mandaean community in Iraq faces extinction.
In Iran, Mandeans do not have a problem with violence, but they are prohibited from fully participating in civil life because of Gozinesh Law. This law and other gozinesh provisions require a religious screening
for people who want to access employment, education, and a range of
other areas. A very important part of this screening procedure is
devotion to the tenets of Islam.
The current status of the Mandaeans has prompted a number of American
intellectuals and civil rights activists to call for their government
to extend refugee status to the community.
Kurdish Belief System (Yazidism)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people#Religion
In the Yazidi belief system, God created the world and it is now in the care of a Heptad of seven Holy Beings, often known as Angels or heft sirr (the Seven Mysteries). Preeminent among these is Tawûsê Melek (frequently known as "Melek Taus" in English publications), the Peacock Angel. According to the Encyclopedia of the Orient,
The reason for the Yazidis reputation of being devil worshipers is connected to the other name of Melek Taus,
Shaytan, the same name the
Koran has for Satan.
[18]
Furthermore, the Yazidi story regarding Tawûsê Melek's rise to favor with God is almost identical to the story of the jinn Iblis in Islam,
except that Yazidis revere Tawûsê Melek for refusing to submit to Adam,
while Muslims believe that Iblis' refusal to submit caused him to fall
out of Grace with God, and to later become Satan himself.[19]
Tawûsê Melek is often identified by Muslims and Christians with Shaitan (Satan). Yazidis, however, believe Tawûsê Melek is not a source of evil or wickedness. They consider him to be the leader of the archangels,
not a fallen angel. They are forbidden from speaking the name Shaitan.
They also hold that the source of evil is in the heart and spirit of
humans themselves, not in Tawûsê Melek. The active forces in their
religion are Tawûsê Melek and Sheik Adî.
The Kitêba Cilwe
"Book of Illumination", which claims to be the words of Tawûsê Melek,
and which presumably represents Yazidi belief, states that he allocates
responsibilities, blessings and misfortunes as he sees fit and that it
is not for the race of Adam
to question him. Sheikh Adî believed that the spirit of Tawûsê Melek is
the same as his own, perhaps as a reincarnation. He is believed to have
said:
I was present when Adam was living in Paradise, and also when
Nemrud threw
Abraham
in fire. I was present when God said to me: 'You are the ruler and Lord
on the Earth'. God, the compassionate, gave me seven earths and throne
of the heaven.
Yazidi accounts of creation differ from that of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. They believe that God first created Tawûsê Melek from his own illumination (Ronahî
) and the other six archangels were created later. God ordered Tawûsê
Melek not to bow to other beings. Then God created the other archangels
and ordered them to bring him dust (Ax) from the Earth (Erd)
and build the body of Adam. Then God gave life to Adam from his own
breath and instructed all archangels to bow to Adam. The archangels
obeyed except for Tawûsê Melek. In answer to God, Tawûsê Melek replied,
"How can I submit to another being! I am from your illumination while
Adam is made of dust." Then God praised him and made him the leader of
all angels and his deputy on the Earth. (This likely furthers what some
see as a connection to the Islamic Shaytan, as according to the Quran
he too refused to bow to Adam at God's command, though in this case it
is seen as being a sign of Shaytan's sinful pride.) Hence the Yazidis
believe that Tawûsê Melek is the representative of God on the face of
the Earth, and comes down to the Earth on the first Wednesday of Nisan
(April). Yazidis hold that God created Tawûsê Melek on this day, and
celebrate it as New Year's Day. Yazidis argue that the order to bow to
Adam was only a test for Tawûsê Melek, since if God commands anything
then it must happen. (Bibe, dibe). In other words, God could have
made him submit to Adam, but gave Tawûsê Melek the choice as a test.
They believe that their respect and praise for Tawûsê Melek is a way to
acknowledge his majestic and sublime nature. This idea is called
"Knowledge of the Sublime" (Zanista Ciwaniyê). Şêx Adî has observed the story of Tawûsê Melek and believed in him.[20]
One of the key creation beliefs of Yazidism is that all Yazidis are descendants of Adam rather than Eve.[18]
Yazidis believe that good and evil both exist in the mind and spirit of
human beings. It depends on the humans, themselves, as to which they
choose. In this process, their devotion to Tawûsê Melek is essential,
since it was he who was given the same choice between good and evil by
God, and chose the good.
Yazidis, who have much in common with the followers of Ahl-e Haqq (in western Iran), state that the world created by God was at first a pearl. It remained in this very small and enclosed state for some time (often a magic number such as forty or forty thousand years) before being remade in its current state. During this period the Heptad
were called into existence, God made a covenant with them and entrusted
the world to them. Besides Tawûsê Melek, members of the Heptad (the
Seven), who were called into existence by God at the beginning of all
things, include Şêx Adî, his companion Şêx Hasan and a group known as
the Four Mysteries: Shamsadin, Fakhradin, Sajadin and Naserdin.
The Yazidi holy books are claimed to be the Kitêba Cilwe (Book of Revelation) and the Mishefa Reş (Black Book).
However, scholars generally agree that the manuscripts of both books
published in 1911 and 1913 were forgeries written by non-Yazidis in
response to Western travelers’ and scholars’ interest in the Yazidi
religion; the material in them is consistent with authentic Yezidi
traditions, however.[14]
True texts of those names may have existed, but remain obscure. The
real core texts of the religion that exist today are the hymns known as
qawls; they have also been orally transmitted during most of their
history, but are now being collected with the assent of the community,
effectively transforming Yazidism into a scriptural religion.[14] The qawls are full of cryptic allusions and usually need to be accompanied by čirōks or ‘stories’ that explain their context.[14]
Two key and interrelated features of Yazidism are: a) a preoccupation with religious purity and b) a belief in metempsychosis. The first of these is expressed in the system of caste,
the food laws, the traditional preferences for living in Yazidi
communities, and the variety of taboos governing many aspects of life.
The second is crucial; Yazidis traditionally believe that the Seven Holy
Beings are periodically reincarnated in human form, called a koasasa.
A belief in the reincarnation of lesser Yazidi souls also exists. Like the Ahl-e Haqq, the Yazidis use the metaphor of a change of garment to describe the process, which they call kiras guhorîn in Kurdish (changing the garment). Alongside this, Yazidi mythology also includes descriptions of heaven and hell, with hell extinguished, and other traditions incorporating these ideas into a belief system that includes reincarnatio
Pantheism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism
Paganism
http://www.allaboutspirituality.org/paganism.htm
Paganism has been broadly
defined as anyone involved in any religious act, practice, or ceremony
which is not Christian. Jews and Muslims also use the term to refer to
anyone outside their religion. Others define it as religions outside of
Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, while some simply define
it as being without a religion.
In the strictest sense, paganism refers to the authentic religions of
ancient Greece and Rome as well as surrounding areas. It originated from
the Neolithic (Stone Age) era. The term, pagan, is derived from the
Latin word, paganus, which means a country dweller. The pagan
usually has a belief in many gods (polytheistic), but only one is chosen
as the one to worship which represents the chief god and supreme
godhead.
As Christianity progressed into the present age, a pagan became referred
to anyone not being a Christian, and paganism denoted a non-Christian
belief or religion. If the religion did not fit into the
Judeo-Christian-Islamic or Eastern mould, then one practicing that
religion was said to be involved in paganism.
-
American pagans practice a variety of forms of traditions, but the most
popular are Celtic, Greco-Roman, Native American, ancient Egyptian, and
Norse.
-
Kabbalah: During the Middle Ages, this Jewish mystical and magical system developed.
-
Shamanism: This tradition is practiced by the Native American cultures.
Drumming is the technique used, and in traditional societies, the shaman
travels to the spirit realm to gain information regarding the
community’s needs like healing or spiritual growth.
-
Egyptian: This is very popular today, and involves complex spiritual and
magical systems centering on death and rebirth. It developed in ancient
Egypt when priestesses and priests became known for their level of
knowledge and skill in magical arts.
-
Druidism: The original Druids were priestesses and part of the judicial class of the ancient Celts.
-
Discordianism: This began as a Buddhist practice with the main idea
being “existence is orderly chaos.” Meditative procedures, confusion and
enlightenment, chaos and order, pain and pleasure are revealed as
inseparable parts of a total vision of reality.
-
Biblical Christianity professes one God, where paganism often teaches many or no god.
-
Biblical Christianity teaches that the Bible
contains God’s words and message to mankind. It is infallible and
inerrant. Paganism does not have one main religious text or set of
beliefs to follow.
-
Biblical Christianity teaches that Jesus,
God’s Son, came to earth as a baby, died on the cross as an adult for
the sin of the whole world, and rose to life again. Some pagans believe
in Jesus as one of the gods, but do not put significance in Him as
Christians do.
Cao Dai
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i
Dao Cao Dai (Caodaism in English) is the third largest religion in Viet Nam (after
Buddhism and Roman Catholicism). "Cao" means "high"; "Dai"
means "palace". Caodai refers to the supreme palace where God reigns
-- that is the Kingdom of Heaven. The word
is also used as God's symbolic name.
Caodaism is a syncretistic religion which combines elements from many of the world's
main religions, including Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism,
Taoism, as well as Geniism, an indigenous religion of Viet Nam.
Concerning the term
Cao Đài, literally, Cao means "high" and
Đài means "dais, as in a platform raised above the surrounding level to
give prominence to the person on it." Figuratively, it means that
highest spiritual place where God reigns. Caodaiists often use the term
Đức Cao Đài (Venerable Cao Dai) as the abbreviated name for
God, the creator of the universe, whose full title is
Cao Đài Tiên Ông Đại Bồ Tát Ma-ha-tát
(translation: Cao Dai [the] Ancient Sage [and] Great Bodhisattva
Mahasattva). According to Caodaiists, the full title was purposefully
chosen by God because within it are representations of the Three
Teachings: Saint, Sage and Buddha.
Caodaiists credit God as the religion's founder. They believe the
teachings, symbolism and organization were communicated directly from
God. Even the construction of the Tây Ninh Holy See is claimed to have had divine guidance. Cao Đài's first disciples, Ngô Văn Chiêu, Cao Quỳnh Cư, Phạm Công Tắc
and Cao Hoài Sang, claimed to have received direct communications from
God, who gave them explicit instructions for establishing a new religion
that would commence the Third Era of Religious Amnesty.
Adherents engage in ethical practices such as prayer, veneration of ancestors, nonviolence, and vegetarianism with the minimum goal of rejoining God the Father in Heaven and the ultimate goal of freedom from the cycle of birth and death. Estimates of the number of Cao Đài adherents in Vietnam vary, but most sources give 2 to 3 million[citation needed]. An additional 30,000 (numbers may vary), primarily ethnic Vietnamese, live in the United States, Europe, and Australia.
According to the Cao Dai creation myth, before God existed, there was the Tao, the nameless, formless, unchanging, eternal source referenced in the Tao Te Ching. Then a Big Bang occurred, out of which God was born (emanationism). The universe could not yet be formed and to do so, God created yin and yang. He took control of yang and shed a part of himself, creating the Goddess
to preside over yin. In the presence of yin and yang, the universe was
materialized. The Goddess is, literally, the mother of the myriad of
things in the Universe. Thus, Caodaiists worship not only God the father, but also the Holy Mother, literally referred to as the Mother Buddha.
Note that God's importance and role is higher than that of the Mother
Buddha. Also, the Mother Buddha, like all buddhas, is a part of Yang,
and therefore is male. Yin is the female side, and the Mother Buddha
oversees Yin, but is not a part of Yin. God is symbolized by the Divine Eye, specifically the left eye because Yang is the left side and God is the master of Yang.
There are 36 levels of heaven and 72 planets harboring intelligent life, with number one being the closest to heaven and 72 nearest to Hell. Earth is number 68. It is said that even the lowest citizen on planet 67 would not trade place with a king on 68 and so forth.
In the order of most to least difficult, the Three Teachings within Caodaiism are:
The Three Teachings represent hierarchical levels of spiritual
attainment, with buddha as the highest. Caodaiism's various stages of
spiritual development from human on up are: Thần (angel), Thánh (saint),
Tiên (sage), and Phật (buddha). Angels, saints and sages may have,
accordingly, extremely long lives in the realms of heaven, but only
buddhas are free from the cycle of birth and death.
Eckankar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckankar
Zoroastrianism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism is the ancient, pre-Islamic religion
of Persia (modern Iran). It survives there in isolated areas but more
prosperously in India, where the descendants of Zoroastrian Persian
immigrants are known as Parsis, or Parsees. In India the religion is
called Parsiism.
Founded by the Iranian prophet and reformer Zoroaster in the 6th
century BC, Zoroastrianism contains both monotheistic and dualistic
features. Its concepts of one God, judgment, heaven and hell likely
influenced the major Western religons of Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam.
he Zoroastrian sacred text is the Avesta ("Book of the
Law"), a fragmentary collection of sacred writings. Compiled over many
centuries, the Avesta was not completed until Persia's Sassanid dynasty
(226-641 AD). It consists of: liturgical works with hymns ascribed to
Zarathustra (the Gathas); invocations and rituals to be
used at festivals; hymns of praise; and spells against demons and
prescriptions for purification.
The Zoroastrian concept of God incorporates both monotheism and
dualism. In his visions, Zarathustra was taken up to heaven, where Ahura Mazda revealed that he had an opponent, Aura Mainyu,
the spirit and promoter of evil. Ahura Mazda charged Zarathustra with
the task of inviting all human beings to choose between him (good) and
Aura Mainyu (evil).
Though Zoroastrianism was never as aggressively monotheistic as
Judaism or Islam, it does represent an original attempt at unifying
under the worship of one supreme god a polytheistic religion comparable to those of the ancient Greeks, Latins, Indians, and other early peoples.
Its other salient feature, namely dualism, was never
understood in an absolute, rigorous fashion. Good and Evil fight an
unequal battle in which the former is assured of triumph. God's
omnipotence is thus only temporarily limited.
Zoroaster taught that man must enlist in this cosmic struggle because
of his capacity of free choice. Thus Zoroastrianism is a highly ethical religion
in which the choice of good over evil has almost cosmic importance.
Zarathustra taught that humans are free to choose between right and
wrong, truth and lie, and light and dark, and that their choices would
affect their eternity destiny.
The Zoroastrian afterlife is determined by the
balance of the good and evil deeds, words, and thoughts of the whole
life. For those whose good deeds outweight the bad, heaven awaits. Those
who did more evil than good go to hell (which has several levels
corresponding to degrees of wickedness). There is an intermediate stage
for those whose deeds weight out equally.
This general principle is not absolute, however, but allows for
human weakness. All faults do not have to be registered or weighed
forever on the scales. There are two means of effacing them: confession
and the transfer of supererogatory merits (similar to the Roman Catholic
"Treasury of Merits"). The latter is the basis for Zoroastrian prayers
and ceremonies for the departed.
Zoroaster invoked saviors who, like the dawns of
new days, would come to the world. He hoped himself to be one of them.
After his death, the belief in coming saviors developed. He also
incorporated belief in angels and demons.
Zoroaster's ideas of ethical monotheism, heaven, hell, angelology,
the resurrection of the body, and the messiah figure were influential on
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, though to what extent is not known
for certain.
There are three types of purification, in order of increasing importance:
- padyab, or ablution
- nahn, or bath
- bareshnum, a complicated ritual performed at special
places with the participation of a dog (whose left ear is touched by the
candidate and whose gaze puts the evil spirits to flight) and lasting
several days.
The Zoroastrian system of penance entails reciting the patet, the firm resolve not to sin again, and the confession of sins to a dastur or to an ordinary priest if a dastur is not obtainable.
The chief ceremony, the Yasna, essentially a sacrifice of haoma
(the sacred liquor), is celebrated before the sacred fire with
recitation of large parts of the Avesta. There also are offerings of
bread and milk and, formerly, of meat or animal fat.
The sacred fire must be kept burning continually and
has to be fed at least five times a day. Prayers also are recited five
times a day. The founding of a new fire involves a very elaborate
ceremony. There are also rites for purification and for regeneration of a
fire.
Zoroastrian burial rites center on exposure of the
dead. After death, a dog is brought before the corpse (preferably a
"four-eyed" dog, i.e., with a spot above each eye, believed to increase
the efficacy of its gaze). The rite is repeated five times a day. After
the first one, fire is brought into the room where it is kept burning
until three days after the removal of the corpse to the Tower of
Silence. The removal must be done during the daytime.
The interior of the Tower of Silence is built in
three concentric circles, one each for men, women, and children. The
corpses are exposed there naked. The vultures do not take long—an hour
or two at the most—to strip the flesh off the bones, and these, dried by
the sun, are later swept into the central well. Formerly the bones were
kept in an ossuary, the astodan, to preserve them from rain and
animals. The morning of the fourth day is marked by the most solemn
observance in the death ritual, for it is then that the departed soul
reaches the next world and appears before the deities who are to pass
judgment over it.
Christianity (Protestantism)
http://protestant.christianityinview.com/
Lutheranism
http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/denominations/lutheranism.htm
Christianity (Catholicism)
http://www.suite101.com/catholicism
Mormonism
http://carm.org/mormonism
The doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
(Mormons) are very interesting. Most of the 'odd' ones are not initially
taught to potential converts. But they should be. Instead, "they are
revealed later as one matures and gains the ability to accept them."
The LDS Church tries to make its official doctrines appear Christian but
what underlies those Christian sounding terms is far from Christian in
meaning.
Following are the teachings of its officials throughout
the years. Please note that these teachings are documented from Mormon
writers, not anti-Mormon writers.
Finally, many Mormons respond
that most of the citations below are not from official Mormon writings,
as if that disproves the doctrines they teach. If they are not
official, fine. But, if not, then why have the Mormon apostles and high
officials taught them, written them, and why are their books sold in
Mormon bookstores? The truth is, the following is what Mormons are
taught.
- Atonement
- "Jesus paid for all our sins when He suffered in the Garden of Gethsemane," (Laurel Rohlfing, “Sharing Time: The Atonement,” Friend, Mar. 1989, p. 39.).
- "We
accept Christ's atonement by repenting of our sins, being baptized,
receiving the gift of the Holy Ghost, and obeying all of the
commandments," (Gospel Principles, Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1979, p. 68.).
- Baptism
- Baptism for the dead, (Doctrines of Salvation,
vol. II, p. 141). This is a practice of baptizing each other in place
of non-Mormons who are now dead. Their belief is that in the afterlife,
the "newly baptized" person will be able to enter into a higher level of
Mormon heaven.
- Bible
- "We
believe the Bible to be the word of God as far as it is translated
correctly. . ." (8th Article of Faith of the Mormon Church).
- "Wherefore,
thou seest that after the book hath gone forth through the hands of the
great and abominable church, that there are many plain and precious
things taken away from the book, which is the book of the Lamb of God,"
(1 Nephi 13:28).
- Book of Mormon
- The book of Mormon is more correct than the Bible, (History of the Church, 4:461).
- Devil, the
- The Devil was born as a spirit after Jesus "in the morning of pre-existence," (Mormon Doctrine, p. 192).
- Jesus and Satan are spirit brothers and we were all born as siblings in heaven to them both, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 163).
- A
plan of salvation was needed for the people of earth so Jesus offered a
plan to the Father and Satan offered a plan to the father but Jesus'
plan was accepted. In effect the Devil wanted to be the Savior of all
Mankind and to "deny men their agency and to dethrone god," (Mormon Doctrine, p. 193; Journal of Discourses, vol. 6, p. 8).
- God
- God used to be a man on another planet, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 321; Joseph Smith, Times and Seasons, vol. 5, p. 613-614; Orson Pratt, Journal of Discourses, vol. 2, p. 345; Brigham Young, Journal of Discourses, vol. 7, p. 333).
- "The Father has a body of flesh and bones as tangible as man’s..." (D&C 130:22).
- God is in the form of a man, (Joseph Smith, Journal of Discourses, vol. 6, p. 3).
- "God
himself was once as we are now, and is an exalted man, and sits
enthroned in yonder heavens!!! . . . We have imagined that God was God
from all eternity. I will refute that idea and take away the veil, so
that you may see," (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, p. 345).
- God the Father had a Father, (Joseph Smith, History of the Church, vol. 6, p. 476; Heber C. Kimball, Journal of Discourses, vol. 5, p. 19; Milton Hunter, First Council of the Seventy, Gospel through the Ages, p. 104-105).
- God resides near a star called Kolob, (Pearl of Great Price, p. 34-35; Mormon Doctrine, p. 428).
- God had sexual relations with Mary to make the body of Jesus, (Brigham Young, Journal of Discourses,
vol. 4, 1857, p. 218; vol. 8, p. 115). - This one is disputed among
many Mormons and not always 'officially' taught and believed.
Nevertheless, Young, the 2nd prophet of the Mormon church taught it.
- "Therefore
we know that both the Father and the Son are in form and stature
perfect men; each of them possesses a tangible body . . . of flesh and
bones." (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 38).
- God, becoming a god
- After you become a good Mormon, you have the potential of becoming a god, (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, p. 345-347, 354.)
- "Then
shall they be gods, because they have no end; therefore shall they be
from everlasting to everlasting, because they continue; then shall they
be above all, because all things are subject unto them. Then shall they
be gods, because they have all power, and the angels are subject unto
them," (D&C 132:20).
- God, many gods
- There are many gods, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 163).
- "And they (the Gods) said: Let there be light: and there was light," (Book of Abraham 4:3).
- God, mother goddess
- There is a mother god, (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 443).
- God is married to his goddess wife and has spirit children, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 516).
- God, Trinity
- The
trinity is three separate Gods: The Father, the Son, and the Holy
Ghost. "That these three are separate individuals, physically distinct
from each other, is demonstrated by the accepted records of divine
dealings with man," (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 35).
- Gospel, the
- The true gospel was lost from the earth. Mormonism is its restoration, (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 182-185.)
- Consists
of laws and ordinances: "As these sins are the result of individual
acts it is just that forgiveness for them should be conditioned on
individual compliance with prescribed requirements -- 'obedience to the
laws and ordinances of the Gospel,'" (Articles of Faith, p. 79)
- Heaven
- There are three levels of heaven: telestial, terrestrial, and celestial, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 348).
- Holy Ghost, the
- The
Holy Ghost is a male personage, A Marvelous Work and a Wonder, (Le
Grand Richards, Salt Lake City, 1956, p. 118; Journal of Discourses,
vol. 5, p. 179).
- Jesus
- The first spirit to be born in heaven was Jesus, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 129).
- Jesus and Satan are spirit brothers and we were all born as siblings in heaven to them both, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 163; Gospel Through the Ages, p. 15).
- Jesus' sacrifice was not able to cleanse us from all our sins, (murder and repeated adultery are exceptions), (Journal of Discourses, vol. 3, 1856, p. 247).
- "Therefore
we know that both the Father and the Son are in form and stature
perfect men; each of them possesses a tangible body . . . of flesh and
bones," (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 38).
- "The
birth of the Saviour was as natural as are the births of our children;
it was the result of natural action. He partook of flesh and blood - was
begotten of his Father, as we were of our fathers," (Journal of Discourses, vol. 8, p. 115).
- "Christ was begotten by an Immortal Father in the same way that mortal men are begotten by mortal fathers," (Mormon Doctrine, by Bruce McConkie, p. 547).
- "Christ
Not Begotten of Holy Ghost ...Christ was begotten of God. He was not
born without the aid of Man, and that Man was God!" (Doctrines of Salvation, by Joseph Fielding Smith, 1954, 1:18).
- "Elohim
is literally the Father of the spirit of Jesus Christ and also of the
body in which Jesus Christ performed His mission in the flesh..." (First Presidency and Council of the Twelve, 1916, "God the Father," compiled by Gordon Allred, p. 150).
- Joseph Smith
- If
it had not been for Joseph Smith and the restoration, there would be no
salvation. There is no salvation [the context is the full gospel
including exaltation to Godhood] outside the church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 670).
- Pre-existence
- We were first begotten as spirit children in heaven and then born naturally on earth, (Journal of Discourse, vol. 4, p. 218).
- The first spirit to be born in heaven was Jesus, (Mormon Doctrine, p. 129).
- The Devil was born as a spirit after Jesus "in the morning of pre-existence," (Mormon Doctrine, p. 192).
- Prophets
- We need prophets today, the same as in the Old Testament, (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 444-445).
- Salvation
- "One
of the most fallacious doctrines originated by Satan and propounded by
man is that man is saved alone by the grace of God; that belief in Jesus
Christ alone is all that is needed for salvation," (Miracle of Forgiveness, Spencer W. Kimball, p. 206).
- A
plan of salvation was needed for the people of earth so Jesus offered a
plan to the Father and Satan offered a plan to the father but Jesus'
plan was accepted. In effect the Devil wanted to be the Savior of all
Mankind and to "deny men their agency and to dethrone god," (Mormon Doctrine, p. 193; Journal of Discourses, vol. 6, p. 8).
- Jesus' sacrifice was not able to cleanse us from all our sins, (murder and repeated adultery are exceptions), (Journal of Discourses, vol. 3, 1856, p. 247).
- Good works are necessary for salvation (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 92).
- There is no salvation without accepting Joseph Smith as a prophet of God (Doctrines of Salvation, vol. 1, p. 188).
- "The
first effect [of the atonement] is to secure to all mankind alike,
exemption from the penalty of the fall, thus providing a plan of General
Salvation. The second effect is to open a way for Individual Salvation
whereby mankind may secure remission of personal sins (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 78-79).
- "As
these sins are the result of individual acts it is just that
forgiveness for them should be conditioned on individual compliance with
prescribed requirements -- 'obedience to the laws and ordinances of the
Gospel,'" (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 79).
- "This
grace is an enabling power that allows men and women to lay hold on
eternal life and exaltation after they have expended their own best
efforts," (LDS Bible Dictionary, p. 697).
- "We know that it is by grace that we are saved, after all we can do," (2 Nephi 25:23).
- Trinity, the
- The
trinity is three separate Gods: The Father, the Son, and the Holy
Ghost. "That these three are separate individuals, physically distinct
from each other, is demonstrated by the accepted records of divine
dealings with man," (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, p. 35.).
- "Many
men say there is one God; the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost are
only one God. I say that is a strange God [anyhow]--three in one and one
in three. . .It is curious organization… All are crammed into one God
according to sectarianism (Christian faith). It would make the biggest
God in all the world. He would be a wonderfully big God--he would be a
giant or a monster," (Josep